Introduction 3D printing refers to the processes used to synthesize three-dimensional objects in which successive layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object. In 3D printing, the 3D model is sliced into hundreds or thousands of thin layers and then the object is built layer-by-layer from the bottom up. The history of 3D printing can be traced back to the 1980s when the first 3D printing patent was issued to Charles Hull in 1986. Since then, 3D printing technology has evolved significantly from being used primarily for prototyping to having widespread adoption for finished products across industries like aerospace, automotive, architecture, consumer products, medical devices, and more. The expiration of key patents and the RepRap open-source 3D printer project played crucial roles in making the technology accessible to a wider audience. Today, 3D printing has become mainstream and is fundamentally transforming manufacturing and business models across industr...
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